Independent Assortment: formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability.

Inversion: part of chromosome that become inverted in reverse.

Karkyotype: preparation of metaphase chromosome.

Linkeage Group: all genes on a chromosome.

Mosaicism: cells of the same type express genes differently.

Non-disjunction: failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis.

Polyploidy: having three or more of three types of chromosomes in the nucleus.



Reciprocal Cross: a paired cross.

Sex Chromosome: chromosome with genes that affect sexual tratis.

Syndrome: characterize a genetic disorder.

X- chromosome: xy--> male; xx---> female



Y- chromosome: xy--> male; xx--> female